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#gh-signin-btn{display:block}.global-header .gh-nav-h>.gh-nav-list>.gh-nav-item+.gh-nav-item{padding-left:24px}.global-header #gh-nav-cnt+#gh-signin-btn{margin-left:2px}.global-header .gh-nav-h+.gh-nav-h{margin-left:32px!important}.global-header .gh-nav-h>.gh-nav-list>.gh-nav-item{font-size:18px!important;line-height:1.55556}.global-header #gh-mobile-menu{display:block!important}.global-header .gh-move-to-spine{display:none!important}.global-header #gh-profile-cnt{display:none}}@media screen and (max-width:600px){.global-header~main{padding-top:48px}.global-header,.global-header header[role=banner]{height:48px}.global-header #gh-main-cnt>.gh-icon-btn svg,.global-header .gh-nav-h>.gh-nav-list>.gh-nav-item .gh-icon-btn svg{height:20px!important}.global-header .gh-sides-padding{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}.global-header .gh-nav-h>.gh-nav-list>.gh-nav-item+.gh-nav-item{padding-left:24px}.global-header #gh-nav-cnt+#gh-signin-btn{margin-left:2px}.global-header .gh-nav-h+.gh-nav-h{margin-left:32px!important}.global-header .gh-nav-h>.gh-nav-list>.gh-nav-item{font-size:18px;line-height:1.55556}.global-header #gh-mobile-menu{display:block!important}.global-header .gh-move-to-spine{display:none!important}.global-header #gh-main-cnt>button{display:none}.global-header #gh-profile-cnt{margin-left:24px!important}.global-header #gh-profile-cnt .gh-avatar.gh-sm{height:32px;width:32px}.global-header #gh-profile-cnt .gh-avatar.gh-sm .gh-initials{font-size:16px;line-height:1.75}.global-header #gh-main-cnt{height:48px}.global-header #gh-main-cnt .gh-nav-h>.gh-nav-list>.gh-nav-item .gh-icon-btn svg{height:20px!important}.global-header #gh-main-cnt #gh-mobile-menu .gh-hamburger svg{width:32px!important}.global-header #gh-main-cnt>.button{font-size:16px;line-height:1.75;height:32px;margin-left:24px!important}.global-header #gh-branding .gh-logo{height:32px!important;width:36px}.global-header #gh-branding .gh-wordmark{margin-left:8px;height:9px!important}@supports not (-ms-high-contrast: none){.global-header #gh-branding .gh-wordmark{width:auto}}.global-header .gh-search-cnt{top:0!important;box-shadow:none}.global-header #gh-mobile-menu .gh-open-menu{margin-left:24px!important}.global-header #gh-branding{margin-right:0!important}.global-header .gh-nav-utilities.gh-nav-h{margin-left:0!important}}@keyframes animate-height-banner{from{height:90vh}to{height:75vh}}@keyframes animate-payoff-appear{from{filter:blur(15px);opacity:0}to{filter:blur(0);opacity:1}}@media only screen and (max-width:40em){@keyframes animate-height-banner{from{height:90vh}to{height:75vh}}@keyframes animate-payoff-fold{from{left:1;top:1.3rem}to{left:1;top:4.1rem}}}@media only screen and (min-width:40.063em){@keyframes animate-payoff-fold{from{left:1;top:3.5rem}to{left:1;top:7.1rem}}}.fullWidth{max-width:100%;width:100%}.illustration-pw{background-size:auto 100%;display:block;min-height:350px}.hero .hero-standout h1.wordmark-product{font-size:2.5rem;line-height:3.25rem;margin-bottom:.625rem}@media only screen and (min-width:90.063em){.illustration-pw{min-height:460px}}.hero.hero-full-screen{background-position:center top;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100%}.hero-campaign-excerpt p{max-width:28rem}.hero-home-campaign.empowerment{background-color:#000;height:70vh;width:auto;background-position:top right;background-size:contain}.hero-home-campaign.empowerment .row>.columns.medium-12,.hero-home-campaign.empowerment .row>.columns.medium-6{padding-left:1.889rem;padding-right:1.889rem}main .hero-home-campaign.empowerment{min-height:25rem}.hero .payoff-container .payoff-elsevier:nth-child(3){transform:translateZ(0);backface-visibility:hidden}.hero-home-campaign.hero .payoff-elsevier{margin-bottom:10px!important}@media only screen and (max-width:40em){.illustration-pw{display:none}main .hero-home-campaign.empowerment{height:70vh;background-size:cover;background-position:65%}main .hero-home-campaign.empowerment .medium-6{margin-top:2rem}main .hero-home-campaign.empowerment::before{position:absolute;content:" ";height:70vh;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.3)}.hero-campaign-excerpt{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:8vh}.hero-campaign-excerpt p{font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.5rem;max-width:100%}.hero .payoff-container .payoff-elsevier:nth-child(3){margin-top:1.5rem}}@media only screen and (max-width:40em) and (orientation:landscape){main .hero-home-campaign.empowerment::before{height:100%}}@media only screen and (min-width:40.063em) and (max-width:64em){main .hero-home-campaign.empowerment{height:70vh;background-size:cover;background-position:65%;position:relative}main .hero-home-campaign.empowerment .medium-6{margin-top:2rem}main .hero-home-campaign.empowerment::before{position:absolute;content:" ";height:70vh;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.3)}}@media only screen and (min-width:40.063em) and (max-width:64em) and (orientation:landscape){main .hero-home-campaign.empowerment::before{height:100%}}@media only screen and (min-width:40.063em){.hero-campaign-excerpt{margin-bottom:5vh;margin-top:7vh}.hero-campaign-excerpt p{font-size:1.35rem;line-height:1.6rem}}@media only screen and (min-width:64.063em){@keyframes animate-payoff-fold{from{left:1;top:3.5rem}to{left:1;top:8rem}}.hero-campaign-excerpt{margin-bottom:5vh;margin-top:10vh}}@media only screen and (min-device-width:320px) and (max-device-width:568px) and (orientation:landscape){.hero-home-campaign.empowerment{animation-fill-mode:none;height:90vh}}.section-select-community{padding-left:1.875rem;padding-right:1.875rem}.section-select-community .connect-to-community{padding-bottom:0!important}.section-select-community .social-follow{margin-right:1rem}.community-share-mobile .social-follow{display:inline-block;float:none}.community-share-mobile .svg-icon-social{height:48px;margin:0 10px;width:48px}.primary-menu{background-color:#232323;height:100%;overflow:hidden;position:fixed;right:-25rem;top:0;z-index:99999999;transition:right 350ms ease-in-out;display:none}body.vertical-menu .primary-menu{top:7rem;height:auto;right:0;left:0;max-height:0;padding:0 8rem;transition:max-height .15s ease-in-out;display:block}@media only screen and (min-width:40.063em) and (max-width:64em){body.vertical-menu .primary-menu{padding:0 2rem}}body.vertical-menu .primary-menu.open{left:0;top:7rem;height:auto;max-height:1000px;transition:max-height .15s ease-in-out}.primary-menu.open{right:0}.primary-menu .main-navigation nav[aria-label=primary] ul{padding:0}.primary-menu .main-ui-item-menu{float:right;margin-right:2rem}.primary-menu .main-ui-item-menu .main-ui-icon{transform:rotate(90deg)}img.ns-tree{display:block;width:80px;height:auto;position:relative;top:-32px}body img.elsevier-wordmark-img{position:relative;top:-29px;width:80px}body img.elsevier-wordmark-img.small,img.elsevier-wordmark-img{width:140px;top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:40em){body img.elsevier-wordmark-img{width:140px;top:0}body.menu-open .modal{top:5rem}}header[role=banner] .elsevier-wordmark img{height:auto}header[role=banner] .elsevier-wordmark img.ns-tree.hidden{display:none!important}.modal{display:block;background:rgba(255,255,255,0);transition:background 350ms ease-in-out;backface-visibility:hidden;transform:translateZ(0)}body.menu-open{position:fixed}body.menu-open .modal{position:absolute;left:0;height:100vh;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.3);display:block;cursor:pointer}body.menu-open .primary-menu{margin-right:0}body .modal{top:7rem}@media only screen and (max-width:40em){body .modal{top:5rem}.header-fixed header[role=banner]{height:5rem;padding:1rem 1.9rem}}@media only screen and (min-width:40.063em) and (max-width:64em){body .modal{top:15rem}}.spine-section:first-child{display:none}.header-fixed header[role=banner]{height:5rem;padding:1rem 1.9rem;background:#fff}.header-fixed header[role=banner].faded{background:#fff}.header-fixed header[role=banner].slim{padding:1rem 1.9rem;height:5rem}body .header-fixed header[role=banner]{height:7rem;padding:2rem 1.9rem}body .header-fixed header[role=banner].slim{padding:1rem 1.9rem;height:5rem}@media only screen and (max-width:40em){body .header-fixed header[role=banner]{padding:1rem 1.9rem;height:5rem}}.header-fixed~.primary-menu .spine-section:first-child{display:block}body.vertical-menu .header-fixed~.primary-menu .spine-section:first-child{display:none}.header-fixed+main{padding-top:5rem}body .header-fixed+main{padding-top:7rem}.spine-section{float:left;clear:both;width:350px}body.vertical-menu .spine-section{width:auto}.header-fixed~.primary-menu .spine-section .spine-level-1>li:first-child{margin-top:80px}body.vertical-menu .header-fixed~.primary-menu .spine-section .spine-level-1>li:first-child{margin-top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:40em){.header-fixed+main,body .header-fixed+main{padding-top:5rem}.header-fixed~.primary-menu .spine-section .spine-level-1>li:first-child{margin-top:54px}}.header-fixed~.primary-menu .spine-section .spine-level-1 li.dark-menu-header{margin-right:-1.875rem;text-align:right;width:100%;padding:1.4rem 3.78rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.header-fixed~.primary-menu .spine-section .spine-level-1 li.dark-menu-header .menu-toggle-link{float:right;width:auto;text-decoration:none;border:none}.header-fixed~.primary-menu .spine-section .spine-level-1 li.dark-menu-header .menu-toggle-link:hover{border:none}.main-ui-text,header[role=banner] .main-ui-item:focus,header[role=banner] .main-ui-item:hover{color:#323232}.header-fixed~.primary-menu .spine-section .spine-level-1 li.dark-menu-header .menu-toggle-link .menu-toggle-icon{transition:width .3s ease-in 0s}.header-fixed~.primary-menu .spine-section .spine-level-1 li.dark-menu-header .menu-toggle-link .menu-toggle-icon .svg-icon-hamburger rect{fill:#fff}.spine-section .has-children.active-spine .active-spine-clicked{margin:1rem 0;height:2.875rem;text-decoration:none}.spine-section .light{background-color:#414141}.spine-section:first-child{background-color:#000;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:calc(5rem + 2rem);padding-top:2.2rem}@media only screen and (max-width:40em){.spine-section:first-child{height:5rem;padding-top:1.2rem}}.slim-header .spine-section:first-child{height:5rem;padding-top:1.2rem}.spine-section:nth-child(2){background-color:#232323;overflow-y:auto;height:100%}.spine-section:nth-child(3){background-color:#323232}.spine-section:nth-child(4){background-color:#737373}body.has-sticky-header .spine-section:first-child{height:3.875rem;padding-top:.5rem}body.has-sticky-header .spine-level-1 li.dark-menu-header{padding:.4rem 3.78rem}body.has-sticky-header .has-children.active-spine .active-spine-clicked{margin:.1rem 0;height:1.875rem}nav[aria-label=primary] .spine-level-2 li{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}header[role=banner] .main-ui-item{color:#323232;float:right}.main-ui-item{font-weight:700;height:27px;margin:.373rem 0 0;padding:0}.main-ui-item:focus,.main-ui-item:hover{border-bottom:0;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer}.main-ui-item .main-ui-icon{display:block;float:left;margin:0 auto;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}#gh-cnt #gh-profile-cnt.gu-hide,#gh-cnt .gu-hide{display:none!important}.main-ui-item.main-ui-item-menu .main-ui-icon{width:25px}.main-ui-item.main-ui-item-menu .main-ui-icon.open{transform:rotate(90deg)}.main-ui-item.main-ui-item-cart .main-ui-text{padding-left:.15rem}.main-ui-item.main-ui-item-cart .main-ui-icon img{margin-top:-4px}.main-ui-item.main-ui-item-search .main-ui-text{padding-left:.35rem}.main-ui-item.main-ui-item-search .main-ui-icon{width:auto}.main-ui-item.main-ui-item-search .main-ui-icon img{width:30px;margin-top:-2px}.main-ui-text{font-size:1rem;line-height:2.313rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;float:left;padding-left:.625rem}.shopping-cart-content-container .icon-standalone-up.menu-pointer{top:37px}@media only screen and (max-width:40em) and (orientation:portrait){.primary-menu{right:-40rem}.spine-section{width:80vw}.spine-section .spine-level-1 li.dark-menu-header{padding:1.3rem 3.78rem}body.has-sticky-header .spine-section .spine-level-1 li.dark-menu-header{padding:.32rem 3.78rem}}#gh-cnt .gh-dh-actions{margin-bottom:0}#gh-cnt .gu-hide{height:0;width:0;position:absolute;right:-1000px}body .header-fixed.gih~main{padding-top:80px}@media only screen and (max-width:40em){body .header-fixed.gih~main{padding-top:48px}.modal{z-index:100}.gh-nav .gh-nav-action .anchor-text .gh-badge,.gh-nav .gh-nav-action .button-link-text .gh-badge{position:absolute;top:-12px;right:-10px}}.footer-main .region-options{background:#fff;z-index:1;border:1px solid #888;left:0;display:none;width:100%;margin:0}.footer-main .region-options li{border-bottom:1px #888 solid;padding:0;margin:0!important}.footer-main .region-options li:last-child{border-bottom:none}.footer-main .region-options a{color:#000!important;padding:5px 10px;margin:0;display:block}.footer-main .region-options a:hover{background:#eee;border-bottom:none}.footer-main .region-options a .locale{width:100%;display:inline-block}.footer-main .region-options span{padding:2px 0}.footer-main .region-select{display:block;text-align:center;margin-top:20px;cursor:pointer}.footer-main .region-select .language{font-style:normal;color:#007398}.footer-main .region-select.show .region-options{display:block}.footer-main .top .accordion-navigation{padding-right:20px}.footer-main .region-current a:before{content:'\1F30E';background-color:#007398;color:#fff;font-family:Gizmo,"Segoe UI Symbol","Lucida Grande","Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif;height:32px;width:32px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:8px 6px;margin-right:.667rem}.footer-main .region-current:hover a:before{background-color:#e9711c}.footer-main .region-current:hover *{border:none;color:#e9711c}@media only screen and (max-width:40em){.footer-main .region-select{margin-top:5px}.region-select.show .region-options{width:auto;margin:0 auto}.footer-main .region-container{clear:both;text-align:center;padding-top:20px;padding-left:16px}}@media only screen and (min-width:40.063em) and (max-width:64em){.footer-main .region-container{float:right;text-align:right;margin-top:0}.footer-main .region-select{clear:both;text-align:center;margin-top:0}.footer-main .region-current{text-align:right}}@media only screen and (min-width:64.063em){.footer-main .region-select{display:inline-block;text-align:left;right:0;width:15rem;bottom:0;margin-top:0}.footer-main .region-select li a{text-align:center}.footer-main .region-container{width:25rem;position:absolute;right:-9rem;bottom:-1rem}.footer-main .region-options{left:-10px;margin-top:.5rem;position:absolute}}.communities ol.breadcrumb{padding-bottom:1rem}nav[aria-label=primary] .connect-side-connect a{line-height:2.5rem;margin-right:7px}.connect nav[aria-label=primary] ul{padding-bottom:0}.article-listing-featured{background-position:center right;background-size:cover;height:486px;padding-left:6.5rem;padding-top:45px}.article-listing-featured .article-listing-content{margin-left:0}.article-listing-featured a{padding:3px 0 15px}.article-listing-featured>a:first-child{color:#007398;display:block;font-size:18px;font-weight:700;width:100%}.article-listing-featured .article-listing-summary{font-size:24px;width:80%}.article-listing-featured .article-listing-summary h4{color:#323232;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;margin:0}.article-listing-featured .article-listing-auth{padding-top:20px}.article-listing-featured .article-listing-more{max-width:283px;padding-top:35px}.article-featured__heading a,.article-listing-featured .article-listing-more a{color:#fff}.article-featured__heading a:hover{border-bottom:0 none;color:#fff}.article-content{margin-top:5px}.article-content .alignright{clear:right}.article-content iframe{margin-top:15px;max-width:100%}.additional-info{border:1px solid #ebebeb;padding:2rem}.content-left{float:left}.content-left a{display:block;margin-bottom:4px;padding:4px 10px 4px 0;text-decoration:none}.content-left .current{background:#737373;border-radius:11px;color:#fff;padding-left:10px}.content-left h4{margin-top:2px;padding-left:0}.content-left .menu{padding-left:0}.content-left .category-sub-all{display:none;padding:0 0 0 45px}.content-left .category-sub a{border-bottom:0 none;font-size:.9em}.content-left .category-link a{font-weight:400}.content-left .category-link a:hover{border-bottom:0 none;text-decoration:none}.category-main{padding:5px 0 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